This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. So by clicking on these links you can help to support this site. Cyrillic script The Cyrillic script is named after Saint Cyril, a missionary from Byzantium who, along with his brother, Saint Methodius, created the Glagolitic script. Early Cyrillic script. A computer text in Bosnian Cyrillic Source: Trunte An important literary Slavic centre during the 14th century was Mount Athos in Greece. Later, Euthymius of Turnovo founds and heads the Turnovo literary school.
He is said to have conducted a language reform, although, these days, its opponents are more than its supporters. The overloaded Middle Bulgarian orthography was used and in the period of the th centuries, when Bulgaria was ruled by the Ottoman Turks, and the damaskin literature flourished. During the th centuries, the literature of the Bulgarian Catholics , which was developed on the basis of the so - called Illyrian literary language an artificial South-Slavic language on Croatian basis, with Serbian and Bulgarian elements, used by the Catholic priests as common South-Slavic language - not to be taken for Ancient Illyrian flourished also.
The period of the th centuries was characterized by chaotic use of different letters old and new by different authors. In , in Holy History by V. The independent Romanian principalities of Wallachia and Moldova appeared in the 12 th century. For about five centuries, the Cyrillic script was the liturgical and administrative script in these two states — first in Slavic, and later in Romanian language, and the Wallach and Moldavian rulers used the Cyrillic alphabet for writing their official documents.
Several Bulgarian books, printed in the Wallachian city of Targovishte, are particularly precious, among them, a Gospel printed by Macarius, in , by order of the ruler John Basarab. This Macarius printed earlier Liturgy and Octoechos In Szeben Cibinium , Sibiu , Transylvania, the printing of liturgical books for the orthodox church began in They were also printed with Cyrillic script, and their language was either Slavic or native Romanian.
The Cyrillic books printed in Transylvania were transported and sold in the Romanian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. A printer working in Szeben with Cyrillic types was Philip deacon who followed the tradition of early liturgical books. From the late 16 th century a version of the Latin alphabet using Hungarian spelling conventions was used to write Romanian in Translyvania. Then in the late 18 th century a spelling system based on Italian was adopted.
In —, the Cyrillic was officially replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet. Cyrillic remained in occasional use until circa mostly in Bessarabia. It was not the same as the Russian-based Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet. Between its discarding and the full adoption of the Latin alphabet, a so-called transitional alphabet was in place for a few years it combined Cyrillic and Latin letters, and included some of the Latin letters with diacritics which came to be used in Romanian spelling.
In , the Russian Tsar Peter I the Great conducted an orthographic reform, introducing a new type of Cyrillic letters, called civil script , modelled in a Dutch work shop. It was helped by the spread of the Latin script among the educated people in Russia in the period between — The reform was a compromise between the supporters of the old Cyrillic tradition and the supporters of West-European culture.
Many of the old Cyrillic letters were replaced by newer ones, similar to them, and accentuation marks and abbreviations as well as the different letters for designating one sound in a different position in the word were no longer used,. A text in Romanian transitional alphabet Source: Wikipedia.
The civil script is the basis of all modern Cyrillic alphabets. T he first book printed in civil script Source: Wikipedia. The Russian principalities on the territory of present-day Belorussia were not affected by the Mongol invasion.
However, they were included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and later, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and in these lands the Orthodoxy and the Cyrillic alphabet were losing ground till the 18 th century when they became part of the Russian Empire. The Belorussian typography had a long tradition even before Peter I the Great. The Bel o ru s sian F. Skaryna was one of the first to publish in the Cyrillic script. In , he established a printing press in Prague , where he printed his first book, The Psalter , in the same year, in a mixture of Church Slavonic and Belarusian.
The Kutein Typography , established by Spiridon Sobol who probably was Ukrainian in , near Orsha, became a centre of the Belorussian book printing.
The modern Belorussian Cyrillic alphabet was made up at the end of the 19 th century, and s everal slightly different versions were used informally. During its evolution, fifteen letters were dropped, the last four of them going after the introduction of the first official Bel o rus s ian grammar in Several scholars worked in the th centuries. In , Mohyla became the bishop of Kiev and abbot of Pecherska Lavra. There he founded a school for young monks where the tutoring was conducted in Latin.
Later this school was merged with the Kiev Brotherhood school and turned into the Mohyla collegiums or the Kyiv Mohyla Academy. He initiated the publication of sermons for the laity in Ukrainian, Biblical texts in Church Slavonic, and scientific books in Ukrainian, Polish, Greek, and Latin. One of his most important publications was Catechesis Another notable works included Trebnyk or Euchologion There are data that he first used the civil script letters, which later Peter I of Russia introduced in Various alphabet reforms were influential in Ukraine, besides Peter the Great's civil script of the Grazhdanka , which influenced Mykhaylo Maksymovych's nineteenth-century Galician Maksymovychivka script, and its descendent, the Pankevychivka , which is still in use, in a slightly modified form, for the Rusyn language in Carpathia Ruthenia.
Several other reforms attempted to introduce a phonemic Ukrainian orthography during the nineteenth century, based on the example of Vuk Karadzhich's Serbian Cyrillic. In Galicia, the Polish-dominated local government tried to introduce a Latin alphabet for Ukrainian, which backfired by prompting a heated War of the Alphabets , bringing the issue of orthography into the public eye.
The Cyrillic script was favoured, but conservative Ukrainian cultural factions the Old Ruthenians and Russophiles opposed publications which promoted a pure Ukrainian orthography. It was a personal union of the Russian part of Poland with the Russian Empire. It was gradually politically integrated into Russia over the course of the 19th century, made an official part of the Russian Empire in , and finally replaced during the Great War by the Central Powers in with the theoretically existing Regency Kingdom of Poland.
Though officially the Kingdom of Poland was a state with considerable political autonomy guaranteed by a liberal constitution, its rulers, the Russian Emperors, generally disregarded any restrictions on their power. Thus effectively it was little more than a puppet state of the Russian Empire.
The Cyrillic script was used for short period during the Congress Poland era because required by Russian law. In the middle of the 19th century, the Russian Tsar Nicholas I tried to replace the Polish Latin alphabet with the Cyr i llic one but the effort was not successful. Here is a sample text of that time:. Another variant of the same text:.
Muravyov forbade printing in Latin letters for the Lithuanians, and everything had to be printed in Cyrillic up to However, it was used mainly for religious purposes — for creation of orthodox texts and dictionaries. Works of national literatures were not created. The first Erzya religious texts appeared in In , a Primer was printed, too.
A Gospel of John in the Moksha language was published in the modern alphabet was created in the second half of the 18 th century. In the 19th century, a few books were published in Karelian using the Cyrillic script , too, notably A Translation of some Prayers and a Shortened Catechism into North Karelian and Olonets Aunus dialects in , and the G ospel of St.
Matthew in South Karelian Tver dialect, in While the people in Croatia used the Latin and to some extent the Glagolitic alphabet , and in Bosnia even books in the Arabic script appeared during the th centuries, in Serbia the literary language was the Church Slavonic and its variant, the Serbian-Slavonic.
At the beginning of the 19 th century, Sava Mrkal simplified significantly the Serbian Cyrillic script the Russian Civil script was accepted first in that country. After that reform, the Serbian Cyrillic script was called after Karadzhich: vukovitsa. In , the so-called Vienna Literary Agreement was signed. A Lithuanian Cyrillic text from Source: Wikipedia. A modern Mongolian banknote Source: Wikipedia.
A Serbian-Slavonic magazine Source: Wikipedia. The Serbian grammar written by Karadzhich Source: Wikipedia. Printed books from Russia and Serbia came to that country, spreading the Russian and Serbian influence. At that period, Neofit Rilski and Ivan Momchilov completed several grammar works.
In , the Cossack ataman Yermak Timofeyevich conquered the capital of the Siberian Tatar Khanate, and thus began the Siberian conquest. It took a long time ; for example, the Chukchi people fought about years against the Russian invasion but finally surrendered by the end of the 19 th century the conquest of Middle Asia — Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, etc.
The Russian explorers even reached Alaska, which became a Russian territory, governed from to by the Russian-American Company, based in Irkutsk Siberia. In , a Russian fortress was even built on the Hawaii islands but the idea of making that archipelago a Russian territory was given up. Otherwise, even the people there could have used the Cyrillic alphabet. Later, attempts were made to publish books for the Siberian Tatars and the Buryats not only in Arabic and Old Mongol scripts but in Cyrillic letters, too.
However, the native Siberian peoples did not like Christianity, and the printed materials were scarce — usually only the missionary had a single book, and the local people themselves could never see it. Only the situation among Buryats was a little better. At the end ot the 19 th century, and at the beginning of the 20th, a Russian missionary, St.
Unfortunately, there is no proof of attempts having been made to introduce the Cyrillic alphabet in that country. H owever, a system for Cyrillic transcription for the Japanese language, called Rosiadzi or Kiridzi , was created in by E. Bateman, who wanted to make it easier for Hungarians to learn Russian as a second language. The Russians sold Alaska to the Americans in However their culture, religion, and alphabet stayed there, among the native peoples the Aleut, the Inuit or Eskimos, and the Tlingit , and even were better accepted than in Siberia where the influence of Islam and Buddhism was strong.
In the Yupik Eskimo dialect, the word for a white person is still Kass'aq , a derivative of Cossack. At the end of the 19 th and at the beginning of the 20 th century, religious Cyrillic books were published in Aleut, Yupik, and Tlingit first, in the old medieval script. Some of them did not have writing systems before see further ; others used the Mongolian the Buryats , the Arabic the Tatars, the Avars, the Kazakh , the Georgian the Abkhaz, part of the Ossetians or the Greek scripts the Alans or Ossetians, the Gagauz.
An Aleut Gospel with a parallel Russian text Source: www. A Tlingit Orthodox text with explanation in Russian Source: www. Many languages in Russia changed their alphabets several times in the 20 th century.
For example, in the s, the Komi language was written with the Molodtsov alphabet, derived from Cyrillic. It was replaced by the Latin alphabet in which was accepted for a short period by many other peoples , and later by the Cyrillic alphabet in the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
For Karelian, a number of Cyrillic-based spelling systems were developed during the Soviet period, though none of them took off due to Stalin's suppression and outlawing of Karelian. Some of the languages are already extinct. Ter Sami which used the Cyrillic alphabet after the Second World War , in the northeast of the Kola Peninsula in Russia in was spoken only by two people.
As the words of that language could not be easily written by using either the Greek or Latin alphabets, Cyril decided to invent a new script, Glagolitic, which he based on the local dialect of the Slavic tribes from the Byzantine theme of Thessalonica.
The Glagolitic alphabet was displaced by the Cyrillic alphabet which augmented some letters from the Glagolitic alphabet developed at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire and its usage was made official in Eventually the new script became the basis of alphabets used in various languages, especially those of Orthodox Slavic origin, and non-Slavic languages influenced by Russian and today it is used as the national script in various Slavic, Turkic, Mongolic and Iranic-speaking countries in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Northern Asia.
As of , around million people in Eurasia use it as the official alphabet for their national languages, with Russia accounting for about half of them. See Cyrillic numerals , Titlo. Several diacritics , adopted from Polytonic Greek orthography, were also used these may not appear correctly in all web browsers; they are supposed to be directly above the letter, not off to its upper right :. Media related to early Cyrillic alphabet at Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Foundation. Its first version was originally developed by… … Wikipedia.
Languages written in a Cyrillic alphabet — This is a list of languages that have been written in the Cyrillic script at one time or another. See also early Cyrillic alphabet. Distribution of the Cyrillic script worldwide. The dark green shows the countries that use Cyrillic as the one… … Wikipedia.
Cyrillic — For Unicode block, see Cyrillic Unicode block. Cyrillic … Wikipedia.
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