Analyze the contributions of notable Neo-Freudian theorists to the field of personality psychology. Although Sigmund Freud contributed a great deal to the field of psychology through his psychoanalytic theory of personality, his work did not go without scrutiny. Many criticized his theories for being overly focused on sexuality; over the years since his work, many other theorists have adapted and built on his ideas to form new theories of personality.
These theorists, referred to as Neo-Freudians, generally agreed with Freud that childhood experiences are important, but they lessened his emphasis on sex and sexuality. Instead of taking a strictly biological approach to the development of personality as Freud did in his focus on individual evolutionary drives , they focused more holistically on how the social environment and culture influence personality development.
This photograph shows Carl Jung front row, right with Freud front row, left and other colleagues. Many psychologists, scientists, and philosophers have made meaningful additions to the psychoanalytic study of personality. Alfred Adler was the first to explore and develop a comprehensive social theory of the psychodynamic person.
He founded a school of psychology called individual psychology, which focuses on our drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority. He also believed in the importance of social connections, seeing childhood development as emerging through social development rather than via the sexual stages outlined by Freud.
From these ideas, Adler identified three fundamental social tasks that all of us must experience: occupational tasks careers , societal tasks friendship , and love tasks finding an intimate partner for a long-term relationship. Erikson identified eight stages, each of which represents a conflict or developmental task.
The development of a healthy personality and a sense of competence depend on the successful completion of each task. Karen Horney was one of the first women trained as a Freudian psychoanalyst. She theorized three styles of coping that children adopt in relation to anxiety: moving toward people, moving away from people, and moving against people.
Horney was also influential in the advancement of feminism within the field of psychodynamics. Meanwhile, Freud continued to refine his own argument. Freud's psychoanalytic theory, inspired by his colleague Josef Breuer, posited that neuroses had their origins in deeply traumatic experiences that had occurred in the patient's past. He believed that the original occurrences had been forgotten and hidden from consciousness. His treatment was to empower his patients to recall the experience and bring it to consciousness, and in doing so, confront it both intellectually and emotionally.
He believed one could then discharge it and rid oneself of the neurotic symptoms. Charles Darwin 's understanding of humankind as a progressive element of the animal kingdom certainly informed Freud's investigation of human behavior.
Additionally, the formulation of a new principle by scientist Hermann von Helmholtz, stating that energy in any given physical system is always constant, informed Freud's scientific inquiries into the human mind.
Freud's work has been both rapturously praised and hotly critiqued, but no one has influenced the science of psychology as intensely as Sigmund Freud. The great reverence that was later given to Freud's theories was not in evidence for some years. Most of his contemporaries felt that his emphasis on sexuality was either scandalous or overplayed.
In , he was invited to give a series of lectures in the United States; it was only after the ensuing publication of his book Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis that his fame grew exponentially.
Freud has published a number of important works on psychoanalysis. Some of the most influential include:. In , after a serious period of self-analysis, Freud published what has become his most important and defining work, which posits that dream analysis can give insight into the workings of the unconscious mind. The book was and remains controversial, producing such topics as the Oedipus complex.
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