If I have been infected with the hepatitis B virus in the past, can I get it again? Can I donate blood if I have hepatitis B?
Can I donate organs if I have hepatitis B? Prevention through Vaccination. Can hepatitis B be prevented? Who should get vaccinated against hepatitis B?
Is the hepatitis B vaccine recommended before international travel? Is the hepatitis B vaccine safe? Can I get hepatitis B from being vaccinated? Is it harmful to have an extra dose of hepatitis B vaccine or to repeat the entire hepatitis B vaccine series? What should be done if hepatitis B vaccine series was not completed?
Who should not receive the hepatitis B vaccine? What is a booster dose, and do I need one? Is there a vaccine that will protect me from both hepatitis A and hepatitis B? Can I get the hepatitis B vaccine at the same time as other vaccines? Where can I get the hepatitis B vaccine? Does acute hepatitis B cause symptoms? What are the symptoms of acute short-term hepatitis B?
How soon after exposure to the hepatitis B virus will symptoms appear, and how long do they last? Can a person spread hepatitis B without having symptoms? What are the symptoms of chronic hepatitis B? How serious is chronic long-term hepatitis B? How do I know if I have hepatitis B? What should I do after learning that I have hepatitis B? How is acute short-term hepatitis B treated?
How is chronic hepatitis B treated? What can people with chronic hepatitis B do to take care of their liver? Pregnant Women and their Newborns.
Are pregnant women tested for hepatitis B? If a pregnant woman has hepatitis B, is there a way to prevent her baby from getting hepatitis B? Why is the hepatitis B vaccine recommended for all babies? Hepatitis B Overview What is hepatitis? An estimated million people are living with hepatitis B worldwide. Hepatitis B Transmission How is hepatitis B spread?
Unlike hepatitis A, hepatitis B is not usually spread through food or water. Although anyone can get hepatitis B, these people are at greater risk: Infants born to infected mothers People who inject drugs or share needles, syringes, and other types of drug equipment Sex partners of people with hepatitis B Men who have sex with men People who live with someone who has hepatitis B Health-care and public-safety workers exposed to blood on the job Hemodialysis patients Who should be tested for hepatitis B?
CDC recommends hepatitis B testing for: People born in certain countries where hepatitis B is common People born in the United States not vaccinated as infants whose parents were born in countries with high rates of hepatitis B Men who have sex with men People who inject drugs People with HIV Household and sexual contacts of people with hepatitis B People requiring immunosuppressive therapy People with end-stage renal disease including hemodialysis patients People with hepatitis C People with elevated ALT levels Pregnant women Infants born to HBV-infected mothers What should I do if I think I have been exposed to the hepatitis B virus?
Prevention through Vaccination Can hepatitis B be prevented? Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for: All infants All children and adolescents younger than 19 years of age who have not been vaccinated People at risk for infection by sexual exposure People whose sex partners have hepatitis B Sexually active people who are not in a long-term, mutually monogamous relationship for example, people with more than one sex partner in the past 6 months People seeking evaluation or treatment for a sexually transmitted infection Men who have sex with men People at risk for infection by exposure to blood People who inject drugs People who live with someone who has hepatitis B People who live or work in facilities for people with developmental disabilities Health-care and public-safety workers at risk for exposure to blood or blood-contaminated body fluids on the job People who receive hemodialysis People with diabetes who are 19—59 years of age people with diabetes who are age 60 or older should ask their health care professional.
International travelers to countries where hepatitis B is common People with hepatitis C virus infection People with chronic liver disease People with HIV infection People who are in jail or prison All other people seeking protection from hepatitis B virus infection Is the hepatitis B vaccine recommended before international travel? No, getting extra doses of hepatitis B vaccine is not harmful.
Symptoms Does acute short-term hepatitis B cause symptoms? Symptoms of acute hepatitis B can include: Fever Fatigue Loss of appetite Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Dark urine Clay-colored bowel movements Joint pain Jaundice yellow color in the skin or the eyes How soon after exposure to the hepatitis B virus will symptoms appear, and how long do they last?
What are the symptoms of chronic long-term hepatitis B? Minus Related Pages. Overview and Statistics. What are the case definitions for reportable HBV infections? How many deaths can be attributed to chronic HBV infection? Transmission, Symptoms, and Treatment. How is HBV transmitted? How long does HBV survive outside the body? What should be used to clean environmental surfaces potentially contaminated with HBV? Who is at risk for HBV infection?
Who should be screened for HBV? Are international travelers at risk for HBV infection? What are the signs and symptoms of HBV infection? What is the incubation period for hepatitis B? When symptoms of acute hepatitis B occur, how long do they usually last? How serious is acute HBV infection? How serious is chronic HBV infection?
How likely is HBV infection to become chronic? What tests are used to identify patients with hepatitis B? Where can I learn more about HBV serology? How is HBV infection treated?
What is HBV reactivation? Who is at greatest risk for HBV reactivation? Hepatitis B Vaccination. Who should be vaccinated against hepatitis B? Is hepatitis B vaccination recommended in certain settings?
What are the hepatitis B vaccines licensed for use in the United States? What are the recommended schedules for hepatitis B vaccination? What are the recommended dosages of hepatitis B vaccines? Who should not receive hepatitis B vaccine? Can a patient receive the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine from one manufacturer and subsequent doses from another manufacturer?
If there is an interruption between doses of hepatitis B vaccine, does the vaccine series need to be restarted? Is it harmful to administer an extra dose s of hepatitis B vaccine or repeat the entire vaccine series if documentation of vaccination history is unavailable? Can hepatitis B vaccine be administered concurrently with other vaccines? How long does protection from hepatitis B vaccine last? Why should an infant receive hepatitis B vaccine at birth before hospital discharge, even if the mother is negative for hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg?
Should pregnant women be tested for HBV? Can hepatitis B vaccine be given during pregnancy or lactation? Can hepatitis B vaccine be given to immunocompromised people, such as people on hemodialysis or people with HIV? Can hepatitis B vaccine be given after exposure to HBV?
Should people be tested for immunity to hepatitis B before being vaccinated? Is there any benefit in or risk associated with vaccinating a person who has been infected with HBV? Who should receive postvaccination testing?
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See more conditions. Recommended doses of hepatitis B vaccine, by group and vaccine type. Open in a separate window. Abbreviation: NA, not applicable. Schematic representation of the mechanism of action of HBV vaccine. Adequate response after HBV vaccination Several possible questions can be raised concerning the characteristics of anti-HBs antibodies: 15 A Is there a titer effect higher antibody titer affords greater protection?
Liver transplanted patients For liver transplanted patients, the classic schedule is 0, 1 month, 6 months and booster dose in the subsequent 1 or 2 years based on serology is recommended. HBsAg mutants There are numerous reports on vaccine failure due to HBV mutants, 16 although the prevalence of such mutants is uncertain. Adjuvants in recombinant HBV vaccines Modern recombinant vaccines are very refined and contain less antigenic components lesser immunogenicity.
Sample size calculation The detailed calculation of sample size in conducting a classical HBV vaccine trial has been described by Lustbader et al. Regulatory recommendations for clinical development of HBV immunoglobulins WHO mentions the use of HBV immunoglobulin in newborn infants whose mothers are HBsAg-positive, in anyone following exposure to the percutaneous or mucous membrane with HBsAg-positive blood or body fluids, following sexual exposure to an HBsAg-positive person, or to protect from recurrent HBV infection following liver transplantation.
HBIG in liver transplantation HBIG is indicated to prevent reinfection in individuals who are undergoing liver transplantation due to hepatitis. Regulatory recommendations for clinical development of recombinant HBV vaccines The WHO guidelines on clinical investigation of HBV immunoglobulins recommends that new or significantly modified recombinant HBV vaccine formulations should have extensive product characterization, immunogenicity testing, safety testing and proof-of-concept studies in animals.
Strategies for improvement of the HBV vaccine Current HBsAg vaccines cannot elicit an adequate immune response in patients with chronic hepatitis B, as there are a high load of viral antigens in the circulation which will induce immunological tolerance.
Conclusions Immunization against HBV is safe and has been accepted worldwide as a part of the routine immunization program. References 1. Impact of the implementation of a vaccination strategy on hepatitis B virus infections in China over a year period. Int J Infect Dis. Three decades of hepatitis B control with vaccination. World J Hepatol. Kane MA. Global status of hepatitis B immunisation. Hepatitis B cure: From discovery to regulatory approval.
Habib S, Shaikh OS. Hepatitis B immune globulin. Drugs Today Barc ; 43 — Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper—recommendations. Recommendations to assure the quality, safety and efficacy of recombinant hepatitis B. Comparing monovalent and combination hepatitis B vaccine outcomes in children delivered by mothers with chronic hepatitis B. J Paediatr Child Health. Safety and immunogenicity of a combination diphtheria-tetanus toxoids-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B vaccine administered at two, four and six months of age compared with monovalent hepatitis B vaccine administered at birth, one month and six months of age.
Pediatr Infect Dis J. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. Vaccine against viral hepatitis and process.
History of hepatitis B vaccine. Leroux-Roels G. Old and new adjuvants for hepatitis B vaccines. Med Microbiol Immunol. Zannolli R, Morgese G. Hepatitis B vaccine: current issues. Ann Pharmacother. Prevention of hepatitis B infections: vaccination and its limitations.
Acta Clin Belg. Study design for a hepatitis B vaccine trial. Long-term protection against carriage of hepatitis B virus after infant vaccination. J Infect Dis. Gesemann M, Scheiermann N. Quantification of hepatitis B vaccine-induced antibodies as a predictor of anti-HBs persistence. Comparison of the accelerated and classic vaccination schedules against Hepatitis B: three-week Hepatitis B vaccination schedule provides immediate and protective immunity.
Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. Efficacy of a high and accelerated dose of hepatitis B vaccine in alcoholic patients: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Med. Vaccination against hepatitis B virus in cirrhotic patients on liver transplant waiting list. Liver Transpl. Severe acute hepatitis B infection after vaccination.
Factors influencing immunologic response to hepatitis B vaccine in adults. Sci Rep. Tajiri K, Shimizu Y. Unsolved problems and future perspectives of hepatitis B virus vaccination.
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